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San Diego Elephant Dies

Since the beginning of human settlements have been altercations between people and elephants and it's led to a lot of deaths on both teams. Elephants are destructive animals: it's what they evolved to do. You don't get a 4-5 ton animal without a little muscle. African elephants tear down trees and destroy vegetation, which can be good for the environment as it fosters new growth and allows much smaller animals the chance to eat the leaves of felled trees, but it's not so good for human farms. And eight years ago in Swaziland there was an elephant population problem.There were so many on preserves that they were overcrowding and could damage the populations of other animals.

So the decision was made to have some of them killed.

It's called culling, and it's a practice used in wild animal management. In the US we have deer season which allows hunters the opportunity to shoot a buck for sport or food during times when there are too many deer for one area. It's against the rules to shoot a doe or fawn, ensuring there will be genes to go around for next season. But a cull in Africa can mean an entire family, a whole herd, is taken out. The decision isn't made lightly, and it's not done for sport. But it's still a little hard to believe killing an entire family or more of an endangered species is the best way to manage a population (although, if you think transporting the family to another preserve or another area where elephants aren't in high numbers, I'm sure park rangers would love to hear your plan for corralling 10-20 9,000 pound creatures that doesn't cost a fortune).

Enter the San Diego Zoo. In 2003 11 elephants were "rescued" from a planned cull in Swaziland and shipped to the United States. A few of the elephants went to Florida and the rest came to the San Diego Zoo Safari Park, where they proceeded to reproduce. Very quickly. One elephant arrived pregnant, and the one male went ahead and did his job with the rest of them. If memory serves, 8 babies were born in 8 years and one of the males that went to Florida was brought to San Diego, bringing the total elephant population at the San Diego Zoo Safari Park to 17.

Yesterday, though, the total dropped to 16. One of the elephants, a semi-dominant female named Umoya, died after an apparent conflict with another elephant. This isn't entirely unusual because elephants are known to throw their massive weight around, and because their society is matriarchal (females are dominant) the many ladies need to work out a hierarchy. The reason this does seem unusual, however, is these elephants have lived together for 8 years and would be seen working together for a unified cause, like protecting a newborn. Umoya was #2 in the elephant herd, but #1 within her own little circle.

Unfortunately, no keepers were around to witness any fighting (the wounds were likely inflicted in the early morning hours before keepers arrive) so until the necropsy results we'll probably not know the cause or reasons. And even if it is proved that she died from wounds related to a fight we'll never know what caused it or probably who the other elephant in the fight was. Both male and female African elephants have tusks because males don't stick around in herds once they hit their teens, but Umoya was in an area with the herd's male. It's not unheard of for captive elephants to cause fatal damage to each other, either, but of all the zoos in this country the Safari Park gives their herd a pretty decent life.

Keepers said Umoya's wounds didn't immediately appear to be life threatening (not very deep, little blood), making her death even more shocking. Some of the keepers have been with Umoya since she arrived from Africa, and these elephants feel very much like family. People everywhere are heartbroken at the loss of pets, and these keepers have worked very intimately with the elephants for 8 years and are devastated at the loss of one of their herd.

Umoya left behind two calves, one of which is less than 2 years old (he'll be properly cared for by keepers and the rest of the herd). As a wild born elephant, her genes are valuable to the captive "world herd" of elephants, and the scientific and conservation communities will miss her, too. It's of course never ideal to keep elephants captive, even in the best of situations, but that's a whole different topic. The Safari Park, the Zoo, the keepers, the rest of the herd, her calves, and the San Diego public (yours truly included) will miss Umoya.

Lindsay writes her animal loving blog Miniature Mastadon and, right up until her senior year of high school, was going to work with animals. After changing courses and getting a degree in writing, she ended up working in a zoo for a little more than a year. Being face to face with rhinos, giraffes, ostriches, gaur and even super close to an elephant herd (faves) dawned the realization that she can't quite ignore the need to be involved in some way. The Miniature Mastadon is an outlet to write about animal news, triumphs, discoveries, and even some sadness. All discussion, thoughts, questions and stories are most fully welcome so come chime in!

Prophecy 2012: America in the Valley of Decision

My choice would have been to put this message out later in 2012, but on December first, I realized that nothing could wait, the timing of a message is equally important to the content. Here are seven points and a conclusion that I can only pray that many will give careful consideration to, as we enter what promises to be, the most critical year of our entire history as a nation.

It may not even need to be said that terms like liberal and conservative, the right wing and the left have ceased to be terms that can be used in the broadest sense, as they have been for generations. Now the battle is emerging between good and evil, right and wrong and Godliness and ungodliness. It is all preparation for the coming world ruler known as the antichrist and his aide the false prophet.

Prophets are guided by their scriptural grounding and their education, their experience and their Holy Spirit anointing (Interventional leading of God) but as already stated their sense of timing has to be well honed to complete the picture. When antichrist is ready to be revealed no one in the faith will be deceived. "For there shall arise false Christs, and false prophets, and shall show great signs and wonders; insomuch that, if it were possible, they shall deceive the very elect." (Mt 24: 24)

Suffice it to say that in a world without enough spiritual discernment to sense the difference between a doughnut and a demon, most will be swept away by the sheer magnetism, economic prowess and military and political genius of the antichrist. His aide, 'the false prophet' (Rev 16: 13) will provide many demonstrations to help them along like, drawing fire down from heaven. Some still debate whether this is a supernatural feat or some sort of pyrotechnical display, but it all helps to increase confidence in the world's last, and most dreaded, ultimate dictator. Oddly there are those who are satisfied that the prophecy is already under fulfillment with the sending of unmanned drones to other continents to wreak havoc and death and subsequently returning without a hitch.

1. Decision Making - Before a single word can be applied to any part of this declaration it is a much older declaration that should be considered. This is a verse of the scripture that I believe was clearly given to me to share because, it is exactly where America will be in 2012. To wit:

"Put ye in the sickle, for the harvest is ripe: come, get you down; for the press is full, the vats overflow; for their wickedness is great. Multitudes, multitudes in the valley of decision: for the day of the LORD is near in the valley of decision." (Joel 3: 13, 14)

We are cruising toward the end of a 40 year, or generational run, into unbridled sin, political corruption and social pollution aided by media, academia and the apostate church. God does not wait for millennia, or even centuries, before responding to the moral plunge of nations. Both the scriptures and history bear witness to this fact. Quite literally, the jig is about up.

2. Economics - All the Super Committees, House and Senate plans and the best minds of the political class are struggling to find the best way to cure our economic ills. How will that proceed and what will be the result? Here is where I will plunge into un-popularity, not that I mind, but if I am to be completely honest it is the word I received over thirty five years ago upon which I will stand.

Something much greater than a stock market crash is looming for America and it will result in the two words out of my old revelation that stand out the most. Poverty and scarcity are the words and while the path to them is not quite apparent, this will be the result. There will be no complete economic recovery, but the spirit of the nation and its underlying principles do not have to die along with it. A recovery will only come after world events lead to an entirely new way the world is governed, and I am not talking about the rule of the antichrist, but rather, something just a bit further away than that.

3. Politics - If I become wildly unpopular for saying the aforementioned I will no doubt incur the hatred of many politically minded people for saying the following. "As a people we must vote conservative in 2012, or die as a nation."

I don't ever put my own words in quotes, but the urgency of this message requires that I do not wait for others to find these words and finally quote them. Nationhood is in the balance, so I must suspend literary protocol for the moment.

The Pew Reports have aptly stated that since 2004 "Millennials, Xers, Boomers and Silents" have voted democratic, but predicted that would taper off in 2012. We may not want to wait for it to taper, but rather we should get charged up with the better reasoning and much better historical record of conservative thinking. Perhaps this would be a good year to consider this wisdom written by a man once declared to be the wisest man on earth. King Solomon said, "A wise man's heart directs him toward the right, but the foolish man's heart directs him toward the left." (Ec 10: 2)

In choosing who will help guide the nation from the Oval Office, the field is narrowing down quickly, and so are the choices. As we approach the business of finding the best nominee, our judgment must be sharpened like never before, this is the most important year for politics in two centuries.

Mr. Cain is embattled with scandals, which may not be true at all, but the momentum seems to be lost and certainly the doubt will linger. He has challenged well and is worthy of respect in his bid for the Oval Office. While many feel we should not give up on this outstanding man, he may pull the plug himself.

Mitt Romney may be the 'front runner' but we would have to find too many excuses or explanations to cover his record of unforeseen and inexplicable changes in policy and general direction. Certainly Barack Obama has been the ultimate test case of what, saying one thing, and switching to another, actually produces. We have only to ask if we want more of that in the years ahead. I believe Mitt Romney would do his very best to lead our nation, but there is a known risk, that is very hard to ignore.

That leaves only Michele Bachmann who would be the best of the remaining three choices for the country, based on what you find in item six of this article. To understand this would take almost, what we call, a complete repentance for many in America. The tie between our morality and our economics and general policies is inextricable according to our founders, the Bible, and any test of time and history. If you like abortion, the gay agenda, repeal of DADT and Obamacare then don't vote for Bachmann, but if you know the damage these things are actually causing to the nation then who else could you vote for in the GOP primary and beyond?

Newt Gingrich is also among the top three choices to run against Obama. His past, mea culpa's, have been dealt with, and some minor adjustments to policy views have been tweaked by his own better sense and better overall information. After that, we have what may be one of the most knowledgeable candidates in recent history and a brilliant mind that could only benefit the nation in every way. Whatever questions might arise about Newt, the love he has for this nation is much like that of Ronald Reagan, and is beyond question. In war or peace he would put America first, and act as a father to the nation.

Last but not least is, Governor, Rick Perry. It is here I must admonish Americans for a bit of hypocrisy. Are we willing to overlook the past of some candidates and the incredibly corrupt and failing Obama administration and hold Rick Perry up to disdain for defending the children of illegal immigrants in the State of Texas and one weak showing in one of the debates? We need to put such nonsense aside and examine the man's record and accomplishments, done in and for, one of the most advanced and powerful states in the nation. I can't tell you who to vote for, but I can say in no uncertain terms this man will kick some liberal butt if he wins the nomination and the general election.

I would be remiss if I did not say that the US Senate needs to be brought back into balance with more conservatives, (At least 14) and the unseating of Harry Reid. The Republican controlled House is sandwiched between the president and a democratically controlled senate, and that will continue to stifle any real advances in the years ahead if it is not dealt with. The freeze the Senate is producing will lead to a dark winter if it is not shaved down to size by voters in a prompt and decisive manner. This may not be on the level of a prophecy, but you can surely bet on it. In the mean time the GOP House, is still running with two to one odds against it!

Even as this piece was being written, CNS News published a headline that reads, "Senate Approves Bill that Legalizes Sodomy and Bestiality in U.S. Military." This kind of twisted legislation is proof positive that the Senate has reached its historical all time low, and is in need of a change. It is hard to believe that they would not want to step down from their proud podiums and stand together to hang their heads in shame for what they propose for the fighting men and women of this country.

It is here that I will offer warning, rather than just advice. If we are to see conservative values re-invigorated in America we must all stand solidly behind whatever candidate wins the nomination and heads down the road to the general election. Murkowski type write-ins, the Ross Perot effect and third party runs, must be completely avoided for the sake of the nation.

4. Foreign Policy - Although it would no doubt be hotly contested, it is possible to sum up all foreign policy in this present hour with one word - Israel.

Over 5000 years ago our foreign policy was written by the Divine finger of God; it is a promise a principle and so far has resulted in an abundant provision for our country. Should we think to abandon this principle now; then all foreign policy will fail just behind that decision. To wit:

Regarding Israel God told Abraham in no uncertain terms, "And I will make of thee a great nation, and I will bless thee, and make thy name great; and thou shalt be a blessing: And I will bless them that bless thee, and curse him that curseth thee: and in thee shall all families of the earth be blessed." (Ge 12: 2, 3)

Quite simply, in a time when Arab hatred for Israel is peaking and anti-Semitism is re-emerging around the world, which alone, accounts for the nearness of the return of the Lord. All the prophets agree that when Israel is surrounded with enemies and hatred is cast against her from the nations as well, that we are looking directly into the face of the last generation, or decade now, before the reins of power in this world will shift from man, to the Divine.

The Bible long ago prophesied that the Arabs would be at war with Israel continually until the very end, but along with those prophecies are examples of how God staved off Israel's enemies repeatedly. It is an action that God used then and more than ever today. It is not a secret, but the scriptures are replete with many examples.

I could suggest that to know more about these truths, after reading more of your Bible, you should acquaint yourself with Hal Lindsey's new book "The Everlasting Hatred - The Roots of Jihad." Also one of the most meticulously detailed, and accurate books on the subject which is, "Northern Storm Rising," by author Ron Rhodes.

The principle at work here is just the opposite of what the Obama administration refers to as the promise of better days in the Arab world because of what is now called the "Arab Spring." With Syria killing Syrians, Libyans' in disarray, Egypt on the brink of disaster, and other Arab nations rising up, what we have is every man's hand against his brother. This is, and always was one of God's primary ways of protecting Israel. It is hard to concentrate on the destruction of Israel when your own house is on fire!

5. Domestic Policy - Personal freedoms are quickly eroding in the US, but Americans are heavily sedated by the drug of busyness, personal gain, and lots heavy entertainment. A generation of uber-personal, (your opinion is as good as the truth, even if there is no truth in it) liberal academia, Hollywood spectacularisms, and the rush to jobs and businesses has left the American people anything but aware of what is going on in the background of the most liberal administration in our entire history.

While we buzz around, entranced only by our own sense of purpose, the present administration, unchecked politicians, and the pack of jackals instructing our young in classes across the nation are making this, the least politically and spiritually savvy generation in history. The greatest problem with the erosions of our freedoms is that, not enough people are aware of their gradual deterioration, until it is far too late.

Rather than being dead, the first amendment now lies smothered under the weight of a generational long misuse by pornographers, Hollywood liberals, mainstream media puppets and hasty self serving politicians who now get a slap on the wrist for what would have put them in jail, in times past.

The first amendment is a sacked quarterback lying under the guards, the tackles and the entire defensive line of the opposing team, and is waiting for the ref to blow the whistle. Isn't it time we blew the whistle America? Let's ask Abe, who is reported to be one of the best refs' ever, for Team America.

"We the People are the rightful masters of both Congress and the Courts--not to overthrow the Constitution, but to overthrow the men who pervert the Constitution." Abraham Lincoln

6. Morality of the Nation - I haven't any qualms about saying that my number six should be listed as number one. I realize that many readers might drop off too suddenly because there is to this moment a strong failing in the American psyche which does not allow many to see the inextricable link between, our morality, and all else, that makes up the very fiber and standing of our nation.

The connection between our morality, and our advancements or declines as a nation, was well understood and documented by our founders and most assuredly by the Bible. I have dozens of articles that detail this connection, so here; I will not use aphorisms, or labor the point, but rather will only offer this one biblical admonition that addresses the matter with perfect concision. God gives the power to get wealth and God takes it away, I need not state the many reasons he may choose to do the latter, but if you live here, you already know them. To Wit:

"And thou say in thine heart, My power and the might of mine hand hath gotten me this wealth. But thou shalt remember the LORD thy God: for it is he that giveth thee power to get wealth, that he may establish his covenant which he sware unto thy fathers, as it is this day." (De 8: 17, 18)

7. Apostasy of the Church - Nothing brings more sadness to my heart than the truth that, many of the faithful have begun to fall away into apostasy as the Bible has predicted for the last days. (2Th 2: 1-5) It is one of the most immutable signs that we are in the very last, of the last days. It is what precedes the rise of the antichrist and assures the fall of nations and brings on the impending judgment of God.

I could quote reams of statistical material from all the best like Barna and Pew but that is a very detailed subject for another time. Suffice it to say the church, both Catholic and protestant is turning away from the doctrines, the principles and the promises of God at an alarming rate.

We have willingly handed our children over to Godless academicians, the fantasy filled science conclusions of evolutionists, liberally minded Hollywood sellouts, and left leaning loose cannons of the political class, now it is time for the piper to be paid. This will end as the most expensive little tune any nation has ever heard, and the church is as culpable as the rest. No diatribe here, just the same warning given by Christ 2000 years ago, a warning whose time has truly come.

"And Jesus said unto him, No man, having put his hand to the plow, and looking back, is fit for the kingdom of God." (Luke 9: 62)

In conclusion let me say that if you want a prophecy; here it is, in all its glaring simplicity. This year, 2012, the fate of the nation, is in your hands America. Don't worry, from this year and forward; all that will be left is the words of God, not yours. You are at the pivotal point of your history and God awaits the decision you will make.

We all know the country has made a wrong turn, but now we can no longer just say, the nation is in danger of falling. If we do not respond as a people, all that will be said of us is, not that we fell, but rather, that we willfully left our greatness behind. May God guide us all, in the days ahead so we do not make this grievous error.

Poland and Everything Polish: The Modern Look

Let's talk about everything Polish: culture, food, fashion, modern brands, as well as Polish heritage, and travels in Poland.

Poland is a country that has changed tremendously in the last two decades. As economists point out, it is one of the largest economies in the European Union, and the only one which hasn't suffered from the last recession. Economic development is accompanied by changes in many other fields, including Polish culture, fashion, lifestyle of contemporary Poles, and even food, and restaurant scene in Poland.

As a country with long and interesting history, Poland has a very diverse and fascinating tradition, habits, and heritage. From Polish folk art, such as paper cutouts (wycinanki), to Polish traditional food, such as world famous pierogies (Polish dumplings), kielbasa (sausage), and vodka. However, there are also many other things that are typically Polish, and equally, or even more, interesting. While they are less famous internationally, all those things are definitely worth learning about.

Take Polish food and restaurant scene. Polish traditional dishes bring to mind a hearty peasant meals - pork shnitzel (kotlet schabowy), pickles (ogorki koszone) and sausages. However traditional Polish cooking as practiced in the houses of the Polish aristocracy and bourgeoisie has much more to offer. Just think of tenderloin steak tartare, Polish cheese (twarog or tvarog), Polish cheesecake, apple-pies, smoked eels, roast venison, roast duck with apples, as well as the many forest mushrooms. All these tastes are totally delicious and worth a bit of mess while cooking from scratch. Plus, their revival can be observed in any Polish restaurant, bar, cafeteria, coffee-shops, even cubs etc. from Warsaw, to Gdansk, to Poznan, to Wroclaw, and Krakow.

What is more, it is totally worth checking out the contemporary Polish art, culture, and fashion. Starting form the more intellectual side, Poland has been long a country of talented filmmakers (such as Roman Polanski), and there are many interesting contemporary movies made in Poland. The same can be said about Polish literature, theater, and Polish design and architecture, which often makes news in professional media. Fashion-wise, Poland is not only a birth-place of many famous top-models, but also it is a good place for fashionistas. There are plenty of Polish designers and Polish brands worth window shopping or even shopping. Polish street-fashion with a touch of hipster and vintage look is also amazing.

All these Polish elements make this country worth visiting, and travelling around, during Euro 2012 or any other occasion. Just be sure to sightsee Warsaw, Cracow, Poznan, Wroclaw, Gdansk, and Sopot, as well as a national parks and nature spots, such as Mazury (Mazuria), Bialowieza, Zakopane, Tatry, and others.

Fair Tax: Good for Everyone?

The Fair tax is a tax proposal that would replace all federal income taxes on personal and corporate income with a new consumption based tax system. The fair tax would tax us only on what we choose to spend on new goods and services, used goods would be exempt under this proposal. While the fair tax might sound like a good idea at first. When you stop and think about it, the fair tax proposal does not sound quite as good as some might lead you to believe. The fair tax taxes at a rate of 23% of every dollar you spend including the tax. Therefore, out of every dollar you spend, 23 cents of it would be taxes. This makes the 23% a little misleading because it is actually a 30% traditional sales tax.

When I first heard about this proposal, originally it sounded like a good idea to me. No taxes on money you earn, just on what you choose to buy. Sounds great right? However, after examining it a little further, here are some of the problems I see with it. First off, it hurts new car and home sales. Why would anyone buy a new car or a new home? When they can buy a used car or home and pay no taxes. Therefore, it would hurt jobs in the automotive and housing sectors. Then there is the fact that the more money you make the less of a percent of it you spend on new goods or services. Therefore, the rich would pay significantly less taxes because the tax system would be based on how much you consume not how much you make. The middle and poor classes would end up paying more in taxes under this proposal, based on the simple fact that they spend a much higher percent of their income on necessities.

The fair tax proposal does nothing to address government spending. Until the federal government can learn to stop spending frivolously, any proposal that is come up with will be in vain. We as a country need to let congress know that we are tired of the way they are handling our tax dollars. That the government needs to stop wasting tax dollars on wars and things that we should not be involved in and start living within our means. Until we start to pay off the national debt, it will continue to be a ticking time bomb waiting to explode.

So is the fair tax proposal good for everyone? You decide.

Burn, Baby, Burn

What would it be like to watch your home burning down to the ground and you escaping with just the clothes on your back while a team of firefighters stand around refusing to put out the fire, and seeing their fire trucks sitting in the distance doing nothing to help?

Unbelievably, this is what happened to a couple who hadn't paid a $75.00 annual subscription fee to their fire department. In the underworld, this is known as a protection fee. If you pay it, your business can live to see another day. If you don't pay it, don't count on the survival of your business.

Into this mix, is the mayor of that town who, in his infinite wisdom and humanity said, "If they don't collect fire fees, the fire department can't survive and if they make exceptions to the rule, no one will ever pay the fee."

When I read that news item, I was not only shocked, I was furious. That people could be so cold-hearted and emotionally stunted, is beyond my imagination. The mayor is an elected official and, presumably, he and the firefighters have to take some kind of oath to protect the citizens to the best of their ability.

I looked up the word firefighter in two dictionaries just to see how they defined the word. Webster's Unabridged Dictionary gives as its definition, "one who fights fires, especially for a living" and Cambridge Dictionaries Online says, "someone whose job is to stop fires and to save people and property from being harmed."

Obviously, these firefighters don't know the meaning of the word firefighter or they wouldn't have deliberately destroyed someone's home, regardless of the reason. Their actions had as much criminal intent as those of an arsonist.

Sir Isaac Newton's Law of Motion states that every action has an equal and opposite reaction. What goes up, must come down. In our daily lives we experience it in terms of reaping what we sow. It has a boomerang effect in that our every word, thought and deed comes back to us. To put it another way, this universal law is known as the law of karma.

We may not fulfill the retributive karma right away or even with the same people, but we will fulfill it at some point. And it always comes back measure for measure.

The other day this couple lost their home due to the callous treatment by the team of firefighters and the mayor. The law of karma may take years for it to be experienced by every member of that team but they will all experience it at some point, no matter how long it takes.

If it happens many years from now, these people may not see the connection, but if it happens soon, most of those people may see the light.

Visualize this scenario: a huge fire breaks out in that city and every firefighter is sent to cover it. The mayor rushes to the scene for an op ed opportunity to get his name in the newspapers and interviewed on television. Meanwhile, there is a fire at the mayor's house and no one in the neighborhood is around to report it. While he is getting his picture in the papers, his house burns down. Add to that, he has forgotten to pay the premium on his homeowner's policy and they drop him. Now he has no insurance, no home, no clothing, and no valuables.

It is just a couple of weeks till Christmas and this couple whose house was left to burn down to the ground won't have much to celebrate this year. They got out of the house alive, but they have nowhere to live, nothing to eat, and no clothing to survive the winter weather.

If the law of karma were put into play now, the spirit of Christmas would burn as intensely bright for the mayor and his firefighters as it will be for the couple whose home they intentionally destroyed by their refusal to save it. And every bite of their Christmas dinner would taste like the ashes of destruction they deliberately caused these people who didn't bow down to their demand of a $75.00 protection fee.

Just when we thought that protection fees were only associated with underworld crime, we find out that elected officials and people who are put into a position of trust, are just as capable of violence and a lack of humanity as the mob bosses and their henchmen.

by Connie H. Deutsch

Connie H. Deutsch is an internationally known business consultant and personal advisor who has a keen understanding of human nature and is a natural problem-solver. She is known throughout the world for helping clients find workable solutions to complex problems.

Connie has hosted her own weekly radio show, been a weekly guest on a morning radio show, done guest spots on radio shows around the country, and appeared as a guest on a cable television show. Connie wrote a weekly newspaper Advice Column for sixteen years and has been invited to speak at local colleges and given lectures around the country. She also wrote the scripts for a weekly financial show on cable television.

Connie is the author of the book, "Whispers of the Soul" and is the co-author of an E-book, "Getting Rich While the World Falls Apart" which is being offered as a free download on her website. She has also written and produced two CDs on Meditation and Relationships and has done coaching on customer service and employee relationships.

The Contingent Valuation Method - University of West Florida Football

Valuing public goods is sometimes difficult due to the influences of hypothetical bias, and even a lack of historical pricing, but techniques have been established for estimating the value of these types of goods. Contingent Valuation and Willingness to Pay are the two biggest techniques for valuing public goods with Contingent Valuation being the biggest. The Contingent Valuation Method is used to estimate economic values for public goods and is used to estimate both use and non use values. For example, this method can be used by a university wishing to add a new varsity sports program to their athletic department, like a college football team. The Contingent Valuation Method can help determine if adding a football program is feasible, in terms of what the college football program is worth to a university, students, and other relevant stakeholders.

For instance, let's say the University of West Florida (UWF), which is located in Pensacola Florida, had a goal of adding a varsity football team to its athletic department and that UWF will allocate the costs to fund this football team for the next 10 years by adding $50 extra to all students when they register for the fall semester. Depending on the goals of UWF, this fee could disappear altogether within 10 years and simply be funded by general ticket sales, memorabilia sales revenue, and perhaps TV revenue, if the program is successful. Before the football program is actually established, the UWF athletic department needs to find out what the students actually think of this idea, mainly to see if adding a football program is worthwhile. This can best be completed by performing a survey to the UWF student body. Of course, hypothetical bias needs to be taken into account when performing these surveys. Significant difference between response to real and hypothetical valuation questions is often referred to as hypothetical bias. In other words, will the students really support paying this added fee if the football program is unsuccessful in terms of winning? Survey questions could be asked as follows:

How much would you be willing to pay in extra tuition costs to have a varsity football program for the 2012 academic year?

To ensure that this survey avoids respondents evoking hypothetical bias the survey should be done in person, with the following follow up questions:

Would you pay $50 extra for the extra benefit of having a varsity football program for the fall 2012 academic semester?

The respondents should be given all relevant information pertaining to the costs benefits of having this football program and the worst case scenarios associated with having this added program. Each student respondent should be asked this one last question:

Would you be willing to pay this extra fee without using any form of financial aid for each fall semester you are enrolled in classes at UWF?

This last question will help illustrate to the students that the student body is solely responsible for the football program, and is directly being paid for by the students. Thus, this question will help eliminate hypothetical bias from occurring in the student's responses.

News in Local and World Environmental Economics.

There Is No More Time

FOR A LONG TIME ALREADY, several essays have been written by me indicating that we are at the threshold of a new era. I have cited prophecies from all over the world, the organized religions and other esoteric works that refer to this time, given different names by different cultures. It is variously called the dawn of a new age of Aquarius, the transition to the fifth world; end of the age of iron, dawn of the golden age, the Kali yoga age, end time and so on. But the fundamental principle of doomsday remain the same, though details differ depending on the spiritual maturity, belief and cultural affiliation of the prophets and analysts.

Recent happenings all over the world serve to draw our attention to the fact that we are at the threshold of that time. There are "wars and rumors of wars". The Iran nuclear face off-a very serious rumor of war-will escalate and possibly result in mass war. It will be born of men's fears, precautions, and the "if you want peace prepare for war" syndrome. These fears mass in the beyond at what is best describes as power centers, which expand, increase and suffocate our psyches, thereby increasing the fears and apprehension of world war. As psychologists rightly know, we often experience what we are afraid of due to the law of attraction. Hence this may result in mass hysteria and finally possible war - the so called Armageddon war, or war of the anti Christ as it is sometimes called. Nostradamus already talked of the first and second Antichrist, and warned of the third codenamed Mabus, whose death will be linked to a war that will result in routing of man and beast. It will coincide with the time when the comet runs. Mabus will be the last of the three-pae-lon-ron- translated to Napoleon, and Hister, meaning Hitler were the first two.. The wars and rumors of war result from the fact that all ancient empires will resurface with different names. However, the rise and collapse of those empires will be phenomena and alarming. The number of empires that has risen and fallen since the end of the nineteenth century tend to lend credence to this assertion.

Apart from the issue of wars and rumors of wars, earthquakes are ravaging the earth. Anyone who goes to the website of the united states geological survey will be shocked at the number of recorded earthquakes on a daily basis. Comparative studies of the earthquakes on earth in the last century shows a marked progressive increase. It is within this period that we have had the most devastating earthquake in recorded history. The word "Tsunami" became popular because of increase in powerful undersea earthquakes.

Apart from unavoidable deaths through earthquakes, destruction of properties put serious pressures on our insurance companies, which spread the risks to banks while construction companies smile to the banks. This also happens with incessant flooding of whole cities and countries as once happened in Thailand. Forecasters show that the year 2012 is going to be a year of unprecedented flood.

All these are the underlying reason for the current distress. It is like the hand of the Lord is gripping the earth in judgment. Mutual recriminations, accusations, and counter accusation sand trading of blames is now resulting in what manipulators regard as pro democracy protests over the dwindling standard of living occasioned by the harsh economic realities resulting from natural disasters war and rumors of wars and, of course, corporate greed. The pro democracy and occupation protests does not solve the problem as witnessed in Egypt, where those who pushed out Mubarak came themselves under fire from fellow demonstrators. Nobody realizes that these demonstrations result in loss of man hours allover the world, which further reduces productivity and engenders more distrust between the haves and have nots. This is followed by more pro democracy and occupy protests. This is a vicious cycle that will culminate in the final collapse of world economy. This will increase religious fundamentalism, with more suicide bombings in a bid to escape the biting situation, the great tribulation. What is false in all organized religions will collapse. Since the foundations of most of the organized religions are faulty, it will throw up a pathetic scenario of confusion, anger, hopelessness, despondency and bitterness against the heads of these organizations, until some of them recognize the justice of God in World events.

The beginning of the end will be by the coming comet prophesied by all major prophets, ancient and modern.

Today, the rays of the approaching comet is causing economic, political and natural crisis and confused wiseacres are covering their fears in the continued exposition of their ignorance by unfolding world events. Already fear is revealing itself in hatred even among those who should be knowing because we are at the last phase. The judgment of God is already taking place in the house of the Lord. There, even the last help from God is being dragged to the dust, thereby making it earthly, by the very ones who should be their custodians. Even here distrust reigns supreme, and leaders are turning tyrants as the inevitable outcome of distrust.

Now, the axe is laid beside the tree and any tree that does not bear good fruit swill be cut down and thrown in the fire. A satellite is now beamed on the house of the Lord and the separation between the sheep and the goat is going on spiritually and will soon be completed. Those who will be purified under intense suffering will stand firm like oasis in a barren desert when the Sun of righteousness will reduce the pharisees to stubble. Then mankind will be able to receive help from those who mediate the help through the star of promise.

The fig tree has shed its leaves. It is clear there is no more time, for soon winter will overtake us.

Uche Mbah, author, poet, journalist, an adherent of the work In The Light Of Truth The Grail Message hails from Nigeria. His discovery that the work by Abd-ru-shin answers all questions of life if you take time to examine it propels him to share his experiences with humanity. A graduate of English, from the University of Nigeria, Nsukka, he found out how all religions lead to the godhead if the original teachings of the founders are taken into account, and not the strange forms that such religious groups find themselves today. The bridge between Science and religion is bridged when we recognize the limitations of science, whose activities do not go beyond the material world, without recognizing that there is no difference between this world and the beyond.

Future Generations Expected to Be Less Well Off Than Their Parents

Over the course of the last few generations each generation has had more disposable income, relatively speaking, than the last. This trend could soon change though. Those currently in their 30's and 40's are expected to follow this pattern and be better off than their parents, but their children are, on average, expected to be less well off.

According to a PWC study, those born in 1993 will be 25% poorer when they retire than those born in 1963.

Those born in 1963 were able to buy a home earlier, at the age of 29 on average, and benefited from rapid increases in the value of their homes. They had no student debt and many are likely to be able to retire early.

Those born in 1993 are likely to have a higher real income but they are also likely to spend more. The PWC study states that it is expected they will be able to buy their first home by the age of 35 on average. This could be higher, though, as the average is already more than that now. Many of those born in 1993 will have student loans to pay off. They will also live longer so their retirement pot must last longer.

So why is the trend of each generation turning? The wealth gap between each generation is already narrowing in relative terms. Pensions and property could be two key factors.

Pensions are getting worse. Fewer people are paying into a pension fund at all, and this problem is increasing with people living longer. So while bigger pension pots are needed, pension contributions are actually going down. This is already a problem for some who have retired and will likely get worse in the future unless something is done to revert this.

Property has risen sharply in the last few decades. With each generation benefiting more, each generation has become wealthier than the last. It has been easier to obtain a mortgage than it is likely to be in the future. Many house prices have now got to a stage where they have become unaffordable to many young people so getting on the housing ladder is become harder. Increases are also likely to be less in the future so future generations may make less on the property market.

A current issue is that wages are not rising comparably to inflation. So things are costing more relative to what people are earning.

Each generation since world war two has been wealthier than the previous, but this difference is becoming less. The tide is turning and those born now are likely to be less well off as adults than their parents.

Can parents help protect their children from what could be a decline in living standard? The answer is yes, if parents have disposable income they could save it on behalf of their children. The best way to protect against inflation could be to invest it, for example in a Junior ISA. The Junior ISA is the new savings scheme for children, whereby parents can make investments on behalf of their children where gains will not be taxed.

Volunteering Services Give a Life to Destitute Societies

Before we begin our virtuous journey throwing light on the most appreciated diverse aspects of volunteering services, let's get acquainted with the word "volunteering."

What exactly volunteering is? How it proves to be advantageous for neglected people?

The answers to the above mentioned questions would differ on the perception of several individuals that have truly had the time of their lives or are working for an organization that vigorously deals with volunteering services. Taking an active part in such sanctimonious services is equivalent to serving the Almighty who has created the universe under which we dwell in. We should try to grasp the fact that all are equal in the eyes of God and those who have been adversely impacted by the aftermath of diverse catastrophes and are left poverty-stricken should be taken care of as they too have the privilege to lead their neglected lives in a well deserved manner. There is a plethora of organizations that deal with such pious services and offer an opportunity to those individuals that without any selfish motive work towards the development of the deprived communities.

In uncomplicated words, "Volunteering" is opting for the services that include sharing of time and knowledge with people hailing from under-privileged community, which have not had a close encounter with various things in terms of health, education, housing, shelter, nourishment and the list goes on. Nothing can prove to be more pleasing and rewarding than involving in volunteering services where you get to mingle with people from diverse and ethnic backgrounds. You can seriously visualize that it really showers on you the immense pleasure when you are dancing your way around with people from different cultures that you might not be aware of.

There are several volunteering programs available that comprehensively expand your horizon. These finest programs pose a great opportunity to those certain people who think that they can justly transform the world into a better place and can bring a change in the society after sharing their time and knowledge with the poor societies. The obligation of a volunteer is to serve. We serve because we choose to and create a positive impact in the world. Volunteering indeed is such an exceptional thing where everyone who opts for it, reaps the diverse benefits such as the work experience, establishing a network with new people, enhances your poise, improves your social and communication skills, and last but not the least, helps you relieve off the stress.

Go Voluntouring is an organization that provides diverse opportunities to individuals that are willing to undertake Volunteering services in another country and contribute their skills and knowledge to less-privileged people. They gladly accept Volunteering services for the development of deprived communities.

Proposals for the Regeneration of Blackburn in Lancashire

Following the closure of the 'old' market in Blackburn as the prospects of the 'new' market underneath the Mall is as yet unknown, although we hope it thrives, as Blackburn surely needs this. What are the options for the old market site? There is a concern that Blackburn with Darwen council will fall into the trap of allowing one of the big supermarket chains to redevelop the site. Does the centre of Blackburn need another supermarket? Should we fall for the cash cow again? We need differentiation and variety.

How about Blackburn council being brave and creating spaces that give the town a real unique selling point to attract visitors and business to the town? We believe a modern and attractive outdoor market and new restaurant quarter may be part of a brave and innovative solution.

The town could create stall space under a modern covering that can host regular markets. Examples of markets include Fresh Produce and Food, Farmers' Markets, Charity Markets, Antique Markets, Continental Markets. How exciting and attractive to visitors would this be?

A further suggestion includes a restaurant quarter with many units that are on sensible rents and rates to really attract business. How about offering lower rents to local entrepreneurs, so we don't just end up with the standard national chains? We could also create small retail units on the same basis for local business.

Most of all, create decent parking on the space that is free after 5pm everyday to encourage people to visit the restaurant quarter.

We need thinking beyond the standard and should resist the offers of another supermarket. Let's make our town different, vibrant and exciting. Be brave! Like our Facebook post and page to join the campaign.

Following the news story that the former Cheers Bar on King William Street has had their licence revoked following an appalling range of alcohol related violence and under-age drinking, is this the end for Blackburn as an evening destination?

Looking back 10 or 20 years ago, Blackburn had a thriving evening economy, with places such as Peppermint Place, Manhattan Heights, Coconut Grove, Daniels and many more. People used to travel from miles around to visit the busy town centre. Now this isn't necessarily the kind of evening economy the town needs and a thriving restaurant and bar culture that is family friendly should surely be the aim of everyone.

It is testament to the sorry state of the evening culture in Blackburn that restaurants such as Pizza Hut, KFC and Tiggi's have not been able to survive in Blackburn town centre. In fact, Darwen probably has a wider choice of restaurants than Blackburn. The closure of The Mall in the evenings, although understandable, also creates a solid block of 'no access' right in the heart of town. The redevelopment of The Mall and the market may well have increased footfall during the day, but there is nothing to entice those extra people to stay longer. The redevelopment of the Cathedral Quarter appears to have stalled and is quickly running out of time and the empty Margo Grimshaw flats development add to the frustration.

Blackburn with Darwen Council currently have a golden opportunity in their hands. The former site of the market is a massive area at the heart of the town centre which is awaiting redevelopment. It has been reported that The Mall is one of the handful of companies bidding to develop this large area. The council will decide which of the bidders will get to develop this area but we have long recommended an alternative. Blackburn town centre needs a unique selling point and the addition of more chain stores or, even worse, another supermarket will not add to Blackburn's attractiveness for their evening offering.

Blackburn Council should put the proposals for redevelopment to the public, so that we can all have a say in how our town centre moves forward. The death of the nighttime culture suggests that the choices of redevelopment in the past have not solved the problem and something as vital as this massive redevelopment needs as wide a consultation as possible.